Leptospirosis – Messing with our minds: A review of unusual neurological and psychiatric complexities

Leptospirosis is a biphasic febrile illness common in tropical and subtropical regions. Clinically, patients may present with a mild, influenza-like illness through to syndromes revealing multiorgan failure. The aim of the current review is to focus on the rare neurological and psychiatric complexities of leptospirosis. A review of neuroleptospirosis and psychosis in leptospirosis will precede a review of the extant literature concerning acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following a leptospiral infection. Physicians working in areas where the incidence of leptospirosis is high should remain cognizant of patients with leptospirosis presenting primarily with a neurological syndrome. Such awareness will ensure a diagnosis of leptospirosis is not delayed and appropriate treatment strategies implemented.