Cyber-physical systems in maritime transportation: a risk perspective

Maritime transportation has been responsible for the majority of global trade and is becoming increasingly complex and dynamic facing a variety of risks that can cause disruptions. These disruptions can have profound impacts on the performance of the ships. To manage the disruptions, cyber-physical systems (CPSs) have provided viable means to mitigate the risks and their occurrence along with maritime transportation. Despite the importance of this issue, very few attempts have been made to address the applications of the ship's CPSs in managing maritime transportation risks. This paper provides a conceptual framework to analyse the impact of different CPSs and their applications on managing the relevant risks in maritime transportation. By classifying CPSs and risks within a framework, this paper identifies different CPSs applied to ships and risks associated with maritime transportation and investigates the role of CPSs in managing the risks.