Progress and challenges in eliminating Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing in Australian waters

Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing is a widespread, global phenomenon that is affecting already heavily depleted wild fish stocks, threatening marine habitats and contributing to marine pollution through discarded fishing gear. As well as its impact on the marine environment, IUU fishing is often linked with transnational criminal activities. Within Australia’s Fishing Zone (AFZ), the targeted species include Patagonian toothfish (in the Southern Ocean), shark (for fins), trepang and other species (in Northern Australian waters). Over the last decade, the Australian government has enacted measures to deter and prevent IUU fishing. Some of these measures include coastal surveillance and policing, policies and regulation, and education. Joint efforts with neighbouring States such as Indonesia and regional fisheries management authorities have also contributed to a decrease in IUU fishing in and around the AFZ. To better understand the changing seascape of IUU fishing in Australian waters, we ask what measures been implemented and how effective are they in deterring illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing? Through an analysis of the regulative arrangements, policies and guidelines that form the governance framework we discuss current and future challenges, opportunities, recent advancements and technological approaches for reducing IUU fishing not only in Australian waters but at a global scale.