Biology and ecology of the globally significant kelp Ecklonia radiata

Ecklonia radiata is a globally widespread kelp, dominating temperate reefs throughout the southern hemisphere. Throughout much of its range it is the only laminarian kelp and hence plays a key role in facilitating biodiversity and driving food webs, and underpins immense ecological and socioeconomic values. This review synthesises the growing literature on E. radiata from its phylogeny and distribution through to its biology, ecology and recent changes. It provides an assessment of the state of knowledge and identifies gaps in our understanding of this important species. Despite being tolerant to a wide range of abiotic conditions, recent environmental change has caused direct and indirect loss of E. radiata forests, with extensive areas transitioning to turf and urchin barrens. Ongoing climate change may require application of multi-faceted and novel strategies to increase resistance and resilience to future conditions. By integrating variation across space, time and environmental change, this review provides a synthesis of the current status and possible future trajectories of E. radiata forests.