Civic Identity in Australia

A typology of macro-social identities is suggested based on the strength of social attachments (strong vs. weak) and the nature of the objects-referents of such attachments (society vs. nation). It yields three types of identity: civic, ethno-national, and denizen. This typology is then operationalized using national survey data (1995 ISSP). The analysis reveals two modal forms of identity in Australia (the denizen identity appears to be very rare). The largest proportion (38%) of Australians embrace civic identity, and this identity is most widespread among 'baby boomers', tertiary educated, and the secular. Ethno-nationalists form a sizable minority (30%), and they are predominantly older, less educated and religious people. The key issue dividing the adherents to civic and ethno-national identity is immigration and its socioeconomic consequences. The proportion of ethno-nationalists is likely to shrink in the process of generational replacement, educational revolution and progressive secularization.