Diverse patterns of ascent, degassing, and eruption of rhyolite magma during the 1.8 ka Taupo eruption, New Zealand: Evidence from clast vesicularity

Ký ¯lauea, Hawaii, like Vesuvius and Etna, is a frequently active volcano associated with a national park which is a focus for volcano tourism. Two contrasting summit eruptions at Ký¯lauea, in 2008-2009 and 1959, emphasize how even small eruptions on populous volcanoes have significant impact on both Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (HVNP) and the surrounding communities. The effects are typically more indirect and social than direct/physical but have significant fiscal repercussions. The former include both positive benefits and negative impacts. As an illustration, direct consequences of the 1959 eruption were the rerouting of the major Park access road and destruction of a summer camp but benefits included an unprecedented surge in visitor numbers, and construction of nature trails that are now the most visited asset in the Park. Both positive and negative impacts have increased in intensity with time, due to growth in the resident population and visitor numbers, for example, the entire Park has been evacuated twice during the ongoing 2008-2009 eruption.