Functions and development of reforested mangrove areas: A review

Mangroves are forested wedand ecosystems found along saline, tidal coastlines of the tropics and sub-tropics. Mangroves provide many ecological goods and services to mankind. Like other natural ecosystems, mangrove ecosystems are declining in many countries. Mangrove losses lead to decreased biodiversity, with subsequent declines in ecosystem services. Recognising the decrease of mangrove coverage and associated loss of ecosystem services, many countries have begun mangrove rehabilitation and restoration programmes. However, the extent to which ecological function is recovered in replanted mangroves is not well understood. This review synthesises available information to highlight key gaps in understanding of the functions and ecological development of planted mangroves.