Integration of natural area values: conceptual foundations and methodological approaches

Values are fundamental to choice and decision. This paper addresses how the notion of value is implicated, addressed and integrated in relation to decisions that affect natural areas. Three topics - rationality, citizen participation and values - are brought together in a review of methods for value integration. Each method is discussed in relation to its processes and products, value inclusiveness, assumptions, limitations, strengths and application. None of the methods have the ability to integrate all relevant values for all actors across the variety of contexts in which environmental choices must be made. Application of an integrative rationality is needed to yield a combined approach that utilises a number of methods such that their respective limitations and weaknesses are, as far as possible, overcome. A crucial task is to enhance our capacity for designing citizen-inclusive, value comprehensive and transparent multi-method processes.