Long-chain omega-3 oils: Current and future supplies, food and feed applications, and stability

Increasing recognition of the health benefits of omega-3 long-chain (≥C₂₀) polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LC-PUFA or LC omega-3 oils) continues. But new sources are needed, with recent developments with novel land plants showing promise. The value of existing and future sources LC omega-3 oils occurs through aquaculture, livestock and other feeding. There is also a need toenhance the stability of oils containing LC omega-3 oils. Challenges include increasing DHA levels in land plants, increasing oxidative stability in food products and product labeling. Consumers have difficulty recognizing and differentiating long-chain and shorter-chain (SC, C₁₈) omega-3 PUFA, both of which are referred to as "omega-3" fatty acids.