In their 2008 and 2009 papers, Sumner and colleagues introduced the “squangles” – a small set of Markov invariants for phylogenetic quartets. The squangles are consistent with the general Markov model (GM) and can be used to infer quartets without the need to explicitly estimate all parameters. As GM is inhomogeneous and hence non-stationary, the squangles are expected to perform well compared to standard approaches when there are changes in base-composition amongst species. However, the GM model assumes constant rates across sites, so the squangles should be confounded by data generated with invariant sites or other forms of rate-variation across sites. Here we implement the squangles in a least-squares setting that returns quartets weighted by either condence or internal edge lengths, and we show how these weighted quartets can be used as input into a variety of supertree and supernetwork methods. For the first time, we quantitatively investigate the robustness of the squangles to breaking of the constant rates-across-sites assumption on both simulated and real data sets; and we suggest a modication that improves the performance of the squangles in the presence of invariant sites. Our conclusion is that the squangles provide a novel tool for phylogenetic estimation that is complementary to methods that explicitly account for rate-variation across sites, but rely on homogeneous – and hence stationary – models.
Funding
Australian Research Council
History
Publication title
Systematic Biology
Volume
62
Pagination
78-92
ISSN
1063-5157
Department/School
School of Natural Sciences
Publisher
Oxford University Press
Place of publication
325 Chestnut St, Suite 800, Philadelphia, USA, Pa, 19106