Solid-phase microextraction for the determination of inorganic ions: Applications and possibilities

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has gained widespread acceptance for analyte matrix separation and preconcentration. Recently, the number of publications evaluating new coatings has grown considerably, but relatively few data are currently available dealing with production of fibers with properties to be used for SPME of ionic species. This paper reviews the different approaches of SPME for sample preparation in analysis of ionic species coupled mainly with high-performance liquid chromatography and ion chromatography. Typical SPME applications for the determination of charged species are summarized in terms of fibers used, extraction and desorption conditions, main experimental parameters, and specific examples.