Species diversity, systematic revision and molecular phylogeny of Ganodermataceae (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) with an emphasis on Chinese collections

<em>Ganodermataceae</em> is one of the main families of macrofungi since species in the family are both ecologically and economically important. The double-walled basidiospores with ornamented endospore walls are the characteristic features of <em>Ganodermataceae</em>. It is a large and complex family; although many studies have focused on <em>Ganodermataceae</em>, the global diversity, geographic distribution, taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of <em>Ganodermataceae</em> still remained incompletely understood. In this work, taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on worldwide species of <em>Ganodermataceae</em> were carried out by morphological examination and molecular phylogenetic analyses inferred from six gene loci including the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene (<em>rpb2</em>), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (<em>tef1</em>), the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU) and the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU). A total of 1 382 sequences were used in the phylogenetic analyses, of which 817 were newly generated, including 132 sequences of ITS, 139 sequences of nLSU, 83 sequences of <em>rpb2</em>, 124 sequences of <em>tef1</em>, 150 sequences of mtSSU and 189 sequences of nSSU. The combined six-gene dataset included sequences from 391 specimens representing 146 taxa from <em>Ganodermataceae</em>. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, 14 genera were confirmed in <em>Ganodermataceae</em>: <em>Amauroderma</em>, <em>Amaurodermellus</em>, <em>Cristataspora</em>, <em>Foraminispora</em>, <em>Furtadoella</em>, <em>Ganoderma</em>, <em>Haddowia</em>, <em>Humphreya</em>, <em>Magoderna</em>, <em>Neoganoderma</em>, <em>Sanguinoderma</em>, <em>Sinoganoderma</em>, <em>Tomophagus</em> and <em>Trachydermella</em>. Among these genera, <em>Neoganoderma gen. nov.</em> is proposed for <em>Ganoderma neurosporum</em>; <em>Sinoganoderma gen. nov.</em> is proposed for <em>Ganoderma shandongense</em>; <em>Furtadoella gen. nov.</em> is proposed to include taxa previously belonging to <em>Furtadoa</em> since <em>Furtadoa</em> is a homonym of a plant genus in the <em>Araceae</em>; <em>Trachydermella gen. nov.</em> is proposed to include <em>Trachyderma tsunodae</em> since <em>Trachyderma</em> is a homonym of a lichen genus in the <em>Pannariaceae</em>. Twenty-three new species, viz., <em>Ganoderma acaciicola</em>, <em>G. acontextum</em>, <em>G. alpinum</em>, <em>G. bubalinomarginatum</em>, <em>G. castaneum</em>, <em>G. chuxiongense</em>, <em>G. cocoicola</em>, <em>G. fallax</em>, <em>G. guangxiense</em>, <em>G. puerense</em>, <em>G. subangustisporum</em>, <em>G. subellipsoideum</em>, <em>G. subflexipes</em>, <em>G. sublobatum</em>, <em>G. tongshanense</em>, <em>G. yunlingense</em>, <em>Haddowia macropora</em>, <em>Sanguinoderma guangdongense</em>, <em>Sa. infundibulare</em>, <em>Sa. longistipitum</em>, <em>Sa. melanocarpum</em>, <em>Sa. microsporum</em> and <em>Sa. tricolor</em> are described. In addition, another 33 known species are also described in detail for comparison. Scanning electron micrographs of basidiospores of 10 genera in <em>Ganodermataceae</em> are provided. A key to the accepted genera of <em>Ganodermataceae</em> and keys to the accepted species of <em>Ganoderma</em>, <em>Haddowia</em>, <em>Humphreya</em>, <em>Magoderna</em>, <em>Sanguinoderma</em> and <em>Tomophagus</em> are also provided. In total, 278 species are accepted as members of <em>Ganodermataceae</em> including 59 species distributed in China.