The psychology and neuroscience of depression and anxiety: towards an integrative model of emotion diorders

Current theoretical models of emotion highlight the importance of distinguishing depression and anxiety. The present article critically evaluates a number of these models and provides a practical framework that could be applied in future studies to better understand the neural substrates that contribute to variation in anxiety and depressed mood. One influential model, the tripartite model, suggests that depression and anxiety can be distinguished on the basis of anhedonia and hyperarousal. Yet this model is based predominantly on questionnaire data. A more direct and powerful method to test this model is to identify biological markers of arousal and anhedonia. Other influential models, such as the approach-withdrawal and valence-arousal models, are based on biological measures and integrate the concept of arousal – but have generally restricted empirical enquiry into resting state paradigms, without an integrative approach to explore concurrent physiological arousal using autonomic measures, or to extend into emotion processing paradigms. The authors propose a practical framework that will have significant implications for theoretical models of depression and anxiety including integration of influential models of emotion and advancement of the knowledge base, clarification of the neurobiological specificity of depression and anxiety and identification of overlapping and distinctive features of these disorders.