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Ella Clausius, Clive R. McMahon, Mark A. Hindell
Five decades on: Use of historical weaning size data reveals that a decrease in maternal foraging success underpins the long-term decline in population of southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina)
www.plosone.org
www.plosone.org
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1.1112 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(24\))Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(initially)Tj
-34.4293 -1.3039 Td
(captured)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(24)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(hours)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(birth,)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.4208 0 Td
[()20()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
1.7915 0 Td
(measured)Tj
4.1102 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(weighed)Tj
3.5376 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(nearest)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(kilogram)Tj
3.8268 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(a)Tj
-36.6347 -1.2982 Td
(200kg)Tj
2.6078 0 Td
(dial)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(face)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(spring)Tj
2.7553 0 Td
(balance)Tj
3.2315 0 Td
(\(Salter\))Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(suspended)Tj
4.439 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(aluminum)Tj
4.4107 0 Td
(pole.)Tj
2.1373 0 Td
(These)Tj
2.5682 0 Td
(pups)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(were)Tj
-34.333 -1.2983 Td
(tagged)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(uniquely)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(numbered)Tj
4.371 0 Td
(plastic)Tj
2.7666 0 Td
(tags)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(\(Dalton)Tj
3.3279 0 Td
(Supplies,)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(Ltd\))Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(interdigital)Tj
4.6374 0 Td
(web-)Tj
-35.3534 -1.3039 Td
(bing)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(hind)Tj
2.0919 0 Td
(flippers)Tj
3.2088 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(allow)Tj
2.3357 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(identification)Tj
5.5843 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9467 0 Td
(weaning)Tj
3.5887 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(24)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(birth)Tj
2.1884 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(wean-)Tj
-35.155 -1.2983 Td
(ing)Tj
1.5023 0 Td
(data)Tj
1.9105 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(pups)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(quantify)Tj
3.549 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(growth)Tj
3.0728 0 Td
(in)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
1.0374 0 Td
[()20()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
1.7915 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(mass)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(over)Tj
1.9785 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(lactation)Tj
-32.5812 -1.2982 Td
(period.)Tj
3.0557 0 Td
(Changes)Tj
3.6453 0 Td
(in)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
1.0375 0 Td
[()20()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
1.7915 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(mass)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(calculated)Tj
4.2009 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(subtracting)Tj
4.7224 0 Td
(weaning)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
3.5887 0 Td
[()20()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
1.7915 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(birth)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.1883 0 Td
[()20()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
-35.4668 -1.2983 Td
(\()Tj
/F7 1 Tf
[()9()10( )]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
[()-8()20()12()-15()10()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(\))Tj
4.6941 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(subtracting)Tj
4.7225 0 Td
(weaning)Tj
3.5886 0 Td
(mass)Tj
2.1997 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(birth)Tj
2.1884 0 Td
(mass)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F7 1 Tf
[(\r)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
[()-8()20()12()-15()10()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(\),)Tj
4.8415 0 Td
(respectively.)Tj
5.108 0 Td
(A)Tj
0.9014 0 Td
(sim-)Tj
-35.5575 -1.3039 Td
(ple)Tj
1.4059 0 Td
(linear)Tj
2.5115 0 Td
(regression)Tj
4.32 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(conducted)Tj
4.4277 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(determine)Tj
4.3257 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(relationship)Tj
4.9889 0 Td
(between)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
3.5263 0 Td
[()9()10( )]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
[()-8()20()12()-15()10()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
4.0195 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
1.7291 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-35.4441 -1.2983 Td
[()-8()20()12()-15()10()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(.)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(relationship)Tj
4.9889 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.532 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(change)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(in)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
1.0318 0 Td
[()20()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
1.7972 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(change)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(mass)Tj
2.1997 0 Td
(over)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(lactation)Tj
-33.7093 -1.2983 Td
(period)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(determine)Tj
4.32 0 Td
(whether)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
3.4753 0 Td
[()20()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
1.7971 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(weaning)Tj
3.5887 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(provide)Tj
3.2881 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(reliable)Tj
3.1408 0 Td
(proxy)Tj
2.5341 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(weaning)Tj
-34.0098 -1.3039 Td
(mass,)Tj
2.4207 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(thus)Tj
1.9333 0 Td
(whether)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(weaning)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
3.5943 0 Td
[()20()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
1.7915 0 Td
(accurately)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(reflects)Tj
3.0557 0 Td
(maternal)Tj
3.7928 0 Td
(foraging)Tj
3.5659 0 Td
(performance.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 375.7039 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Statistical)Tj
4.4504 0 Td
(analysis)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 358.696 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(All)Tj
1.3946 0 Td
(statistical)Tj
3.9118 0 Td
(analyses)Tj
3.4809 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(conducted)Tj
4.4277 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(statistics)Tj
3.5886 0 Td
(program)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(R)Tj
0.8391 0 Td
(\(version)Tj
3.4979 0 Td
(3.1.2,)Tj
2.3187 0 Td
(R)Tj
0.8448 0 Td
(Core)Tj
2.1826 0 Td
(Team,)Tj
-34.8205 -1.2982 Td
(2016\).)Tj
2.6872 0 Td
(Prior)Tj
2.296 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(conducting)Tj
4.7565 0 Td
(analyses)Tj
3.4809 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(individuals)Tj
4.6488 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(unknown)Tj
4.0819 0 Td
(sex)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(\(n)Tj
1.1055 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(207\),)Tj
2.2167 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(outlying)Tj
-33.4089 -1.3039 Td
(record)Tj
2.8402 0 Td
(\(274.3cm,)Tj
4.1613 0 Td
(Heard)Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(Island,)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(1949\))Tj
2.4604 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(three)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(years)Tj
2.2621 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(small)Tj
2.33 0 Td
(sample)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(sizes)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(Macquarie)Tj
-32.9667 -1.2983 Td
(Island)Tj
2.6758 0 Td
(\(1993,)Tj
2.6873 0 Td
(n)Tj
0.771 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(2;)Tj
0.9185 0 Td
(1994,)Tj
2.347 0 Td
(n)Tj
0.7711 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(1;)Tj
0.9241 0 Td
(1997,)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(n)Tj
0.7653 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(1\))Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(removed.)Tj
3.9741 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(Macquarie)Tj
4.4958 0 Td
(Island)Tj
2.6815 0 Td
(1952)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(wean-)Tj
-34.8205 -1.2983 Td
(ing)Tj
1.5023 0 Td
(length)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(data)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(excluded)Tj
3.7871 0 Td
(due)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(exceptionally)Tj
5.4765 0 Td
(high)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(mean)Tj
2.4435 0 Td
(length)Tj
2.7326 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6725 0 Td
(year)Tj
-33.1141 -1.2982 Td
(\(150.95)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
3.1634 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
(9.85;)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(n)Tj
0.7711 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(198\))Tj
1.9843 0 Td
(compared)Tj
4.2462 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(mean)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.4435 0 Td
[( )4(\n)2()13()-20()10()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
2.5965 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(sampled)Tj
3.549 0 Td
(years)Tj
2.262 0 Td
(\(136.89)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
3.1635 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
(6.59\).)Tj
-33.681 -1.3039 Td
(This)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(difference)Tj
4.2066 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(14cm)Tj
2.4151 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(consistent)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(measurement)Tj
5.6692 0 Td
(being)Tj
2.4322 0 Td
(snout-flipper)Tj
5.4424 0 Td
(length)Tj
2.7326 0 Td
(rather)Tj
-34.469 -1.2983 Td
(than)Tj
2.0295 0 Td
(snout-tail)Tj
4.0592 0 Td
(length.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 240.3779 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(STL)Tj
2.0409 0 Td
(at)Tj
1.0441 0 Td
(weaning)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 223.37 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Linear)Tj
2.8006 0 Td
(mixed-effects)Tj
5.5785 0 Td
(models)Tj
3.1068 0 Td
(\(LMMs\))Tj
3.5829 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(fitted)Tj
2.3187 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(weaning)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(STL)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(data)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(Heard)Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(and)Tj
-34.3103 -1.3039 Td
(Macquarie)Tj
4.5013 0 Td
(Island)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3868 0 Td
(the)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
1.474 0 Td
[()10( )12(\r)6(\n)]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
2.1543 0 Td
(package)Tj
3.4129 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(25)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8482 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(explore)Tj
3.1748 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(effects)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(sampling)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
3.8778 0 Td
[()14()6()13()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
3.6283 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-35.3704 -1.2982 Td
[()8()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
1.8538 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(weaning)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
3.5886 0 Td
[()20()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
(.)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.0183 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
2.6135 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(included)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(models)Tj
3.1068 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(random)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
(term,)Tj
2.3584 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6476 0 Td
(accounted)Tj
-33.2615 -1.2983 Td
(for)Tj
1.3832 0 Td
(any)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(natural)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(stochastic)Tj
4.1216 0 Td
(variation)Tj
3.8041 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(mean)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(weaning)Tj
3.5886 0 Td
(STL)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.532 0 Td
(years.)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(Model)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(parameters)Tj
-31.7988 -1.3039 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(fitted)Tj
2.3243 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3868 0 Td
(Maximum)Tj
4.4504 0 Td
(Likelihood)Tj
4.524 0 Td
(\(ML\))Tj
2.3301 0 Td
(estimation.)Tj
4.6715 0 Td
(Model)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(selection)Tj
3.719 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(based)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(condi-)Tj
-34.7922 -1.2983 Td
(tional)Tj
2.5171 0 Td
(Akaike's)Tj
3.6 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.074 0 Td
(criterion)Tj
3.702 0 Td
(\(cAIC\))Tj
3.0104 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(26)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7348 0 Td
(27)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 131.0173 cm
BT
/F3 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Results)Tj
/F0 1 Tf
0 -1.5023 Td
(Growth)Tj
3.4157 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.9827 0 Td
(STL)Tj
2.041 0 Td
(&)Tj
0.8834 0 Td
(mass)Tj
2.589 0 Td
(over)Tj
2.1449 0 Td
(lactation)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 95.9811 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7914 0 Td
(mean)Tj
2.4662 0 Td
(STL)Tj
1.8538 0 Td
(and)Tj
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(mass)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4797 0 Td
(24)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(pups)Tj
2.16 0 Td
(sampled)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(was)Tj
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(118)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.6611 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
(9)Tj
0.703 0 Td
(cm)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7462 0 Td
(42)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.1792 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
0.7937 0 Td
(7)Tj
0.6973 0 Td
(kg)Tj
1.1905 0 Td
(respectively)Tj
4.9323 0 Td
(at)Tj
-36.3569 -1.2982 Td
(birth,)Tj
2.4377 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7462 0 Td
(135)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.6554 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
0.7937 0 Td
(14)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7461 0 Td
(110)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.6554 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F6 1 Tf
0.7937 0 Td
(27)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(kg)Tj
1.1906 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9581 0 Td
(weaning,)Tj
3.8494 0 Td
(indicating)Tj
4.3086 0 Td
(clear)Tj
2.1374 0 Td
(growth)Tj
3.0954 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0488 0 Td
(both)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(components)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 334.885 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Changes)Tj
4.1527 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.978 0 Td
(weaning)Tj
3.8693 0 Td
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